Hrmitt reference grammar
1. Preface
1.1. The Native Speakers
1.2. The Name of the Language
1.3. Overview
2. Phonology
2.1. Phonetic Inventory
2.1.1. Consonants
2.1.1.1. Consonant Phonemes
2.1.1.2. Consonant Phones
2.1.2. Vowels
2.1.2.1. Vowel Phonemes
2.1.2.2. Vowel Phones
2.2. Orthography
2.3. Phonological Processes
2.3.1. Vowel Pronunciation Rules
2.3.2. Consonant Mutation Rules
2.3.2.1. Elision
2.3.2.2. Fricativisation
2.3.2.3. Lenition
2.3.2.4. Final stops
2.3.3. Linking Consonants
2.3.4. Accent Shifts
2.3.4.1. In 4-syllable words
2.3.4.2. With
-at
2.3.4.3. With
-ai
3. Morphology
3.1. Nouns
3.1.1. Possessives
3.1.1.1. Pronominal Possessive Affixes
3.1.1.2. Explicit Possessives
3.1.2. Plurals
3.1.2.1. Via
mo-
3.1.2.2. Via
-ah
3.1.3. Bare Pronouns
3.1.4. Case Marking
3.1.4.1. Nominative Case
3.1.4.2. Instrumental / Verbal Case in
-mi
3.1.4.3. Patientive Case in
-u
3.1.4.4. Dative Case in
-tu
3.1.4.5. Ablative/Elative Case in
-at
3.1.5. Interrogatives
3.1.6. Derivational suffix
-is
3.2. Adjectives
3.2.1. Predicative Adjectives
3.2.2. Verbalised Adjectives
3.2.3. Interrogative Adjectives
3.3. Verbs
3.3.1. Verbs in
-mi
3.3.2. Verbs in
-ni
3.3.3. Subject Incorporation
3.3.4. Verbs of Being and Becoming
3.3.5. Negation
3.3.6. Interrogative Verbs
3.3.7. Verbs without Corresponding Noun Stems
3.4. Numerals
3.4.1. Standalone Forms
3.4.2. Combining Forms
4. Syntax
4.1. Verbal Clauses
4.1.1. Simple Clauses
4.1.2. Complex Clauses
4.1.2.1. Direct Objects
4.1.2.2. Indirect Objects
4.1.2.2.1. The Dative
4.1.2.2.2. The Ablative/Elative
4.1.2.3. Separate Subjects
4.1.2.4. Verbal Nuances
4.1.2.5. Animacy Distinctions
4.1.3. Idiosyncratic Verbs
4.1.4. Involitionals
4.1.5. Negation
4.2. Non-verbal Clauses
4.2.1. The Predicative
-i
Suffix
4.2.2. Adjectival Clauses
4.2.3. Nominal Clauses
4.2.4. Locative Clauses
4.2.5. Plural Nominal Clauses in
mo-
4.2.6. Negation
4.3. Imperatives & Hortatives
4.3.1. Vocative with
na
4.3.2. “Even If”
4.3.3. Generic Statements with
ŋaht
4.3.4. Prohibitions with
beshopfmi
4.4. Past Tense
4.5. Future tense
4.5.1. Speaker's intent:
ŋu
4.5.2. Hearsay:
ehr
4.5.3. Direct Evidence:
kuhr
4.5.4. Deduction:
muhr
4.5.5. Wish:
ŋuhr
4.6. Interrogatives
4.6.1. Who—
sai
4.6.2. What—
pfai
4.6.3. Where—
fai
4.6.4. How Many—
vai
4.6.5. How—
nai
4.6.6. When—
tzai
4.6.7. Why
4.6.7.1. For what cause—
gai
4.6.7.2. For what purpose—
kai
4.6.8. Yes/no Questions
4.6.8.1. Answers
4.6.8.2. Nuances
4.6.8.2.1.
pja
: positive wish
4.6.8.2.2.
ova
: negative wish
4.6.8.2.3.
hosh
: accusatory assertion
4.6.8.2.4.
pfut
: dismissive denial
4.6.8.3. Surface Form Ambiguities
4.7. Adjunctive Phrases
4.7.1. Expressions of Identity with
sai
4.7.2. Expressions of Location with
fai
4.7.2.1.
fai
Governing Various Cases
4.7.3. Expressions of time with
tzai
4.7.4. Infinitives & Subordinate Clauses with
nai
4.8. Conjunctions
4.8.1. Nominal Conjunctions
4.8.2. Clausal Conjunctions
4.8.2.1. Negative Conjunction with
vdau
4.8.2.2. Positive Conjunction with
glau
4.8.2.3. Assertions with
hosh
4.9. Temporal Expressions
4.9.1. Bare temporal nouns
4.9.1.1. Ablative case: duration prior
4.9.1.2. Dative case: repeated intervals
4.9.1.3. Patientive case: duration
4.9.2. Adjunctive phrases with
tzai
4.9.2.1. Governing a subordinate clause
4.9.2.2. Governing the ablative: past time
4.9.2.3. Governing the dative: future deadline
4.9.2.4. Governing the patientive: exact future time
4.10. Numerals
4.10.1. Cardinal Numbers
4.10.1.1. Word Order
4.10.1.2. Agreement
4.10.1.3. Animacy Distinctions
4.10.2. Fractions
4.10.2.1. Inanimate Nouns
4.10.2.2. Animate Nouns
5. Appendix
5.1. Tables of Grammatical Forms
5.1.1. Pronominal Possessive Affixes
5.1.2. Imperative/Hortative Markers
5.1.3. Future Tense Markers
5.2. List of Abbreviations
5.2.1. General Abbreviations
5.2.2. Glossing Abbreviations
1. Preface
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