Hrmitt reference grammar
1. Preface
1.1. Interlinear Format
1.2. The Native Speakers
1.3. The Name of the Language
1.4. Overview
2. Phonology
2.1. Phonetic Inventory
2.1.1. Consonants
2.1.1.1. Consonant Phonemes
2.1.1.2. Consonant Phones
2.1.2. Vowels
2.1.2.1. Vowel Phonemes
2.1.2.2. Vowel Phones
2.2. Orthography
2.3. Phonological Processes
2.3.1. Vowel Pronunciation Rules
2.3.2. Consonant Mutation Rules
2.3.2.1. Elision
2.3.2.2. Fricativisation
2.3.2.3. Lenition
2.3.2.4. Final Stops
2.3.3. Linking Consonants
2.3.4. Accent Shifts
2.3.4.1. In 4-Syllable Words
2.3.4.2. With
-at
2.3.4.3. With
-ai
2.3.4.4. With
-'ia
3. Morphology
3.1. Nouns
3.1.1. Possessives
3.1.1.1. Pronominal Possessive Affixes
3.1.1.2. Explicit Possessives
3.1.2. Plurals
3.1.2.1. Via
mo'-
3.1.2.2. Via
-ah
3.1.3. Bare Pronouns
3.1.4. Case Marking
3.1.4.1. Nominative Case
3.1.4.2. Instrumental / Verbal Case in
-mi
3.1.4.3. Patientive Case in
-u
3.1.4.4. Dative Case in
-tu
3.1.4.5. Ablative/Elative Case in
-at
3.1.5. Interrogatives
3.2. Adjectives
3.2.1. Predicative Adjectives
3.2.2. Verbalised Adjectives
3.2.3. Interrogative Adjectives
3.3. Verbs
3.3.1. Verbs in
-mi
3.3.2. Verbs in
-ni
3.3.3. Subject Incorporation
3.3.4. Verbs of Being and Becoming
3.3.5. Negation
3.3.6. Interrogative Verbs
3.3.7. Verbs without Corresponding Noun Stems
3.4. Emphatic
-'ia
3.5. Derivational Affixes
3.5.1. Prefix
i-
3.5.2. Prefix
a-
3.5.3. Pluralizing Prefix
mo'-
3.5.4. Suffix
-is
3.5.5. Nominalizing
-t
3.5.6. Nominalizing Suffixes
-eŋ
,
-att
,
-uŋ
4. Syntax
4.1. Verbal Clauses
4.1.1. Simple Clauses
4.1.2. Complex Clauses
4.1.2.1. Direct Objects
4.1.2.2. Indirect Objects
4.1.2.2.1. The Dative
4.1.2.2.2. The Ablative/Elative
4.1.2.3. Separate Subjects
4.1.2.4. Verbal Nuances
4.1.2.5. Animacy Distinctions
4.1.3. Idiosyncratic Verbs
4.1.4. Involitionals
4.1.5. Negation
4.2. Non-verbal Clauses
4.2.1. The Predicative
-i
Suffix
4.2.2. Adjectival Clauses
4.2.3. Nominal Clauses
4.2.4. Locative Clauses
4.2.5. Plural Nominal Clauses in
mo'-
4.2.6. Alienable and Inalienable Possession
4.2.7. Negation
4.3. Imperatives & Hortatives
4.3.1. “Even If”
4.3.2. Generic Statements with
ŋaht
4.3.3. Prohibitions with
beshopfmi
4.4. Past Tense
4.5. Future Tense
4.5.1. Speaker's Intent:
ŋu
4.5.2. Hearsay:
ehr
4.5.3. Direct Evidence:
kuhr
4.5.4. Deduction:
muhr
4.5.5. Wish:
ŋuhr
4.5.6. Interrogative:
aihr
4.6. Interrogatives
4.6.1. Who—
sai
4.6.2. What—
pfai
4.6.3. Where—
fai
4.6.4. How Many—
vai
4.6.5. How—
nai
4.6.6. When—
tzai
4.6.7. Why
4.6.7.1. For what Cause—
gai
4.6.7.2. For what Purpose—
kai
4.6.8. Yes/no Questions
4.6.8.1. Answers
4.6.8.2. Nuances
4.6.8.2.1.
pja
: Positive Wish
4.6.8.2.2.
ova
: Negative Wish
4.6.8.2.3.
hosh
: Accusatory Assertion
4.6.8.2.4.
pfut
: Dismissive Denial
4.6.8.3. Surface Form Ambiguities
4.7. Adjunctive Phrases
4.7.1. Expressions of Identity with
sai
and
pfai
4.7.2. Expressions of Location with
fai
4.7.2.1.
fai
Governing Various Cases
4.7.3. Expressions of Quantity with
vai
4.7.4. Infinitives & Subordinate Clauses with
nai
4.7.5. Expressions of Time with
tzai
4.7.6. Expressions of Cause with
gai
4.7.7. Expressions of Purpose with
kai
4.7.8. Vocatives with
na
4.8. Conjunctions
4.8.1. Nominal Conjunctions
4.8.2. Clausal Conjunctions
4.8.2.1. Conjunction with
ne
4.8.2.2. Negative Conjunction with
vdau
4.8.2.3. Positive Conjunction with
glau
4.8.2.4. Assertions with
hosh
4.8.3. The conjunctive pronoun
ag
4.9. Temporal Expressions
4.9.1. Bare Temporal Nouns
4.9.1.1. Ablative Case: Duration Prior
4.9.1.2. Dative Case: Repeated Intervals
4.9.1.3. Patientive Case: Duration
4.9.2. Adjunctive Phrases with
tzai
4.9.2.1. Governing a Subordinate Clause
4.9.2.2. Governing the Ablative: Past Time
4.9.2.3. Governing the Dative: Future Deadline
4.9.2.4. Governing the Patientive: Exact Future Time
4.10. Conditional Constructions
4.11. Elided Verbs
4.12. Right Dislocation
5. Numerals
5.1. Morphology
5.1.1. Standalone Forms
5.1.2. Combining Forms
5.2. Cardinal Numbers
5.2.1. Word Order
5.2.2. Agreement
5.2.3. Animacy Distinctions
5.2.4. Counting
5.3. Fractions
5.3.1. Inanimate Nouns
5.3.2. Animate Nouns
5.4. Numerals & Verbs
6. Conversational Conventions
6.1. Greetings
6.1.1. Informal Greetings
6.1.2. Formal Greetings
6.2. Getting Acquainted
6.2.1. The Components of a Hrmitt Name
6.2.2. Introducing Oneself
6.2.3. Asking a Hrmitt Their Name
6.2.4. Asking a non-Hrmitt Their Name
6.2.5. Asking Multiple Interlocutors Their Name
6.2.6.
tutk sahruŋgatt
6.2.7. Stating One's Place of Origin
6.3. Farewells
6.3.1. Informal Farewells
6.3.2. Formal Farewells
6.4. Expressing Gratitude
7. Idioms
7.1. Related to their Eye
7.1.1.
gruŋmi ipfu
7.1.2.
pjutmi ipftu
7.1.3.
ipfmi ipftu
7.1.3.1. Expressing Agreement
7.1.3.2. In Response to Thanks
7.1.3.3. In Response to a Hortative
7.1.3.4. Expressing Solidarity
7.2. Related to their Attitude Towards Clothing
7.2.1.
gruŋmi ishlagu vvat
8. Appendix
8.1. Tables of Grammatical Forms
8.1.1. Pronominal Possessive Affixes
8.1.2. Imperative/Hortative Markers
8.1.3. Future Tense Markers
8.2. List of Abbreviations
8.2.1. General Abbreviations
8.2.2. Glossing Abbreviations
1. Preface
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